PLUS TWO FOCUS AREA FOR ALL SUBJECTS

Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for MATHS (Science & Commerce)

Chapter	Focus area
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS	1.3 Types of Functions  1.4 Composition of Functions and Invertible Function
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS	2.3 Properties of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
MATRICES	3.2 Matrix  3.3 Types of Matrices  3.4 Operations on Matrices  3.5 Transpose of a Matrix  3.6 Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices
DETERMINANTS	4.2 Determinant 4.5 Minors and Cofactors  4.6 Adjoint and Inverse of a Matrix  4.7 Applications of Determinants and Matrices
CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY	5.2 Continuity  5.3 Differentiability  5.8 Mean Value Theorem
APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES	6.2 Rate of Change of Quantities  6.3 Increasing and Decreasing Functions  6.4 Tangents and Normals
INTEGRALS	7.3.1 integration by substitution  7.4 Integrals of Some Particular Functions  7.9 Evaluation of Definite Integrals by Substitution
APPLICATION OF INTEGRALS	8.2 Area under Simple Curves
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS	9.2 Basic Concepts 9.5.1 Differential equations with variables separable
VECTOR ALGEBRA	10.4 Addition of Vectors 10.5 Multiplication of a Vector by a Scalar 10.6 Product of Two Vectors
THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY	11.3 Equation of a Line in Space 11.5.1 Distance between skew lines 11.6.2 Equation of a plane perpendicular to a given vector and passing through a given point 11.6.3 Equation of a plane passing through three non collinear points
LINEAR PROGRAMMING	12.2.2 Graphical method of solving linear programming problems
PROBABILITY	13.2 Conditional Probability 13.4 independent Events

Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for PHYSICS

ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELD5	1.2 ELECTRIC CHARGE  1.6 COULOMB’SLAW  1.8 ELECTRIC FIELD  1.9 ELECTRIC FIELD LINES  1.10 ELECTRIC FLUX  1.11 ELECTRIC DIPOLE  1.14 GAUSS’SLAW  1.15 APPLICATIONS OF GAUSS’ S LAW
ELECTR OSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE	2.2 ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL  2.3 POTENTIAL DUE TO A POINT CHARGE  2.11 CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE  2.12 THE PARALLEL P LATE CAPACITOR  2.14 COMBINATION OF CAPACITORS  2.15 ENERGY STORED IN A CAPACITOR
CURRENT ELECTRICITY	3.4 OHM ‘S LAW  3.9 ELECTRICAL ENERGY, POWER  3.10 COMBINATION OF RESISTORS-SERIES AND PARALLEL  3.11 CELLS, EMF, INTERNAL RESISTANCE  3.13 KIRCHHOFF’S RULES  3.14 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE  3.15 METER BRIDGE  3.16 POTENTIOMETER
MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM	4.2 MAGNETIC FORCE  4.5 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CURRENT ELEMENT, BIOT -SAVART LAW  4.6 MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE AXIS OF A CIRCULAR CURRENT LOOP  4.7 AMPERE’S CIRCUITAL LAW  4.8 THE SOLENOID AND THE TOROID
MAGNETISM AND MATTER	5.3 MAGNETISM AND GAUSS’S LAW  5.4 THE EARTH’S MAGNETISM  5.5 MAGNETISATION AND MAGNETIC INTENSITY
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION	6.4 FARADAY’S LAW OF INDUCTION 6.6 MOTIONAL ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE 6.8 EDDY CURRENTS 6.10 AC GENERATOR
ALTERNATING CURRENT	7.2 AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A RESISTOR 7.3 REPRESENTATION OF AC CURRENT AND VOLTAGE BY ROTATING VECTORS-PHASORS 7.4 AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO AN INDUCTOR 7.5 AC VOLTAGE APPLIED TO A CAPACITOR 7.9 TRANSFORMERS
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES	8.2 DISPLACEMENT CURRENT 8.3 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS	9.2 REFLECTION OF LIGHT BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS 9.3 REFRACTION 9.5 REFRACTION AT SPHERICAL SURFACES AND BY LENSES 9.6 REFRACTION THROUGH A PRISM
WAVE OPTICS	10.2 HUYGENS PRINCIPLE 10.3 REFRACTION AND REFLECTION OF PLANE WAVES USING HUYGENS PRINCIPLE 10.7 POLARISATION
DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER	11.3 PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 11.6 EINSTEIN’ S PHOTOELECTRIC EQUATION: ENERGY QUANTUM OF RADIATION 11.7 P ARTICLE NATURE OF LIGHT: THE PHOTON
ATOMS	12.4 BOHR MODEL OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM 12.6 DE BROGLIE’S EXPLANATION OF BOHR’S SECOND POSTULATE OF QUANTISATION
NUCLEI	13.6 RADIOACTIVITY 13.7 NUCLEAR ENERGY
SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRONICS: MATERIALS, DEVICES AND SIMPLE CIRCUITS	14.7 APPLICATION OF JUNCTION DIODE AS A RECTIFIER 14.9 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND LOGIC GATES

Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for CHEMISTRY

Name of Chapter	Focus Area
The solid state	1.2 Amorphous and crystalline solids 1.4 Crystal lattices and unit cells 1.5 Number of atoms in a unit cell 1. 6 Close packed structures 1.9 Imperfections in solids 1.10 Electrical properties 1.11 Magnetic properties
Solutions	2. 3. 2 Solubility of gas in liquids 4 Vapour pressure of liquid solutions 2.5 Ideal and non ideal solutions 2.6 Colligative properties and determination of molar mass
Electrochemistry	3.3 Nernst equation 3. 4. 2. Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration 3.6 Batteries 3.7 Fuel cells 3.8 Corrosion
Chemical kinetics	4. 2 Factors influencing rate of a reaction 4.3.2 First order reactions and its half life period 4.4 Pseudo first order reaction 4.5 Temperature dependence of the rate of reaction- Arrhenius equation
Surface chemistry	5.1 Adsorption 5.2 Catalysis 5.4 Classification of colloids 5.5 Emulsions
General principles and  Process of Isolation of elements –	6.2 Concentration of ores 6.3 Extraction of crude metal from concentrated ore elements 6.4. 1 Ellingham diagram – extraction of Iron 6.5 Hall Heroult process (extraction of Al) 6. 7 Refining
The P-block elements	7.3 Ammonia 7.5 Nitric acid 7.8 Phosphorus halides 7.17 Sulfuric acid 7. 22 Inter halogen compounds 7.23 Group 18 elements- Xenon halides
The d-and f-block elements	8.3 Magnetic properties, formation coloured ions, formation complexes, catalytic property 8.4 Potassium permanganate and potassium dichromate 8.5.2 Atomic and ionic sizes 8.7 Some applications of d- and f-block elements
Coordination compounds	9.3 Nomenclature of coordination compounds 9.4 Isomerism in coordination compounds 9.5.2 Magnetic properties of coordination compounds  9.8 Importance and applications of coordination compounds
Haloalkanes and haloarenes	10.4.1 Preparation from alcohols 10.4.2 Preparation from hydrocarbons 10.6.1 Reactions of haloalkanes (Nucleophilic substitution) 10.6.2 Reactions of haloarenes (Electrophilic substitution) 10.7.2 Trichloro methane
Alcohols, phenols and ethers	11.4.1 Preparation of alcohols( from alkenes, carbonyl compounds and Grignard reagent 11.4.2 Preparation of phenol (from haloarenes and diazonium salts)  11.4.4 Chemical reactions (Lucas test, dehydration, nitration of phenol. Reimer Tiemann reaction) 11.5 Commercially important alcohols- ethanol  11.6.1 Preparation of ethers-Williamson synthesis 11.6.3 Chemical reactions (Friedel Crafts reaction)
Aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids	12.2 Preparation of aldehydes and ketones ( By oxidation of alcohols, by deHydrogenation of alcohols, Rosenmund reduction, Etard reaction, Gatterman-Koch reaction, Friedel Craft’s reaction)  12.4 Chemical reactions (Reduction, Oxidation, Aldol reaction, Cannizzaro reaction) 12.7 Preparation of Carboxylic acid (from aldehydes and ketones, from alkyl benzene) 12.9 Chemical reactions (acidity, reaction with ammonia, Kolbe electrolysis, Hell-Volhard Zelinsky reaction. Ring substitution)
Amines	13.4 Preparation of amines (Reduction of nitriles, amides, Hoffmann Bromamide reaction) 13.6 Chemical reactions ( carbylamine reaction, Ilinsbergtest. Electrophilic substitution) 13.9 Chemical reactions of diazonium salts- sandmaeyer reaction, coupling reaction
Biomolecules	14.1.1 Classification of carbohydrates 14.1.2 Monosaccharides (Preparation of glucose from sucrose) 14.1.3 Disaccharides (glycosidic linkage, invert sugar) 14.1.4 Starch, glycogen 14.2.4 Denaturation of protein 14.5.1 Chemical composition of nucleic acids
Polymers	15.1 Classification of polymers Addition and condensation polymers ( Teflon, Nylon6,6, Nylon 6, PVC, polystyrene, Polyethene) 15.2.4 Rubber ( Natural rubber, vulcanisation) 15.4 Biodegradable polymers
Chemistry in Everyday life	16.3.1 Antacid 16.3.3 Neurologically active drugs 16.3.4 Anti microbials( antiseptics, disinfectants)

Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for ZOOLOGY

Name of the Chapter	Focus Area
Human reproduction	3.1 Male reproductive system (Location of testes & its significance ; Cells lining Seminiferous tubules & their function;Duct System)  3.2 The female reproductive system (Oviduct, Uterus, Significance of Hymen)  3.3 Gainetogenesis (Spermatogenesis ,Oogenesis,Role of Hormones -FSH & LH in Spermatogenesis; Structure of Sperm )  3.4 Menstrual cycle (Hormones involved) 3.5 Fertilization and implantation (Site of fertilization; Morula; Structure of Blastocyst)  3.6 Pregnancy and embryonic development (Placenta, hCG, hPL, Relaxin )  3.7 Parturition & Lactation (Colostrum)
Reproductive health	4.1 Reproductive health problems and strategies (Amniocentesis) 4.2 Population explosion and birth control (IMR, MMR; Birth Control Measures – Natural, Barrier, IUD’s, Oral Contraceptives, Surgical methods.)  4.3 Medical Termination of Pregnancy (What is MTPjWhy MTP) 4.4 Sexually transmitted diseases (Examples of STD; Measures to avoid STD’s) 4.5 Infertility(Assisted Reproductive Technologies in detail)
Principles of inheritance and variation	5.1 Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance(TabIe 5.1 Contrasting Traits studied by Mendel in Pea  5.2 Inheritance of one gene (Allele,Genotype, Phenotype)  5.2.2.1 Incomplete dominance (Definition,Ratio & Cross only)  5.2.2.2 Co-dominance (Blood Grouping in Fable 5.3)  5.3.2 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance (Reasons for selecting Drosophila as the experimental material by Morgan)  5.4.1 Sex determination in Humans  5.6.1 Pedigree analysis  5.6.2 Mendelian disorders (Sickle Cell Anaemia, Haemophilia)  5.6.3 Chromosomal disorders (Down’s Syndrome, Klinefelter’s Syndrome, Turner’s Syndrome)
Molecular basis of inheritance	6.1.1 Structure of polynucleotide chain (Salient Features of Double Helix structure of DNA; Central Dogma) 6.1.2 Packaging of DNA helix – (Structure of Nucleosome – Diagram & Explanation alone; Euchromatin; Heterochroniaiiu) 6.2 The Search For Genetic Material (Transforming Principle) 6.2.1 The Genetic Material is DNA (Hershev-Chase Experiment) 6.4.2 The Machinery and the Enzymes (DNA dependent DNA polymerase; Replication fork; DNA Ligase) 6.5.1 Transcription unit( Promoter, Terminator, Structural Gene) 6.5.2 Transcription unit & the Gene (Introns. Exons) 6.6 Genetic code – Salient Features 6.8.1 The Lac Operon 6.9 Human Genome Project(Expansion of HGP,BAC & YAC) 6.10 DNA fingerprinting (Steps;Application)
Evolution	7.1 Origin of life (Urey-Miller experiment) 7.3 What are the evidences of evolution? (Homologous organs & Analogue organs with egs; Observation supporting natural selection – Moths in unpolluted area and polluted areas in England) 7.7 Hardy Weinberg principle (Equation; 5 factors affecting Hardy Weinberg equilibrium) 7.9 Origin and Evolution of man (Names alone in sequential order upto Homo sapiens)
Human health and disease	8.1 Common diseases in humans (Typhoid, Malaria) 8.2.1 Innate Immunity ( Four tvpes of Barriers) 8.2.2 Acquired Immunity (Structure of an Antibody molecule Diagram) 8.3 AIDS (Transmission; Test for AIDS; Prevention) 8.4 Cancer(Benign tumor, Malignant Tumor, Treatment of cancer) 8.5.3 Effects of drug/alcohol abuse
Microbes in human welfare	10.1 Microbes in Household Products (LAB) 10.2.3 Chemicals enzymes and other bioactive molecules 10.5 Microbes as biocontrol agents – Bacillus thuringiensis, Trichoderma
Biodiversity and Conservation	15.1.2 (ii) Species- area relationship (graph and equation) 15.1.3 the importance of species diversity to the ecosystem (Rivet Popper Hypothesis) 15.1.4 Loss of biodiversity- (Causes of biodiversity losses/Evil Quartet) 15.2.2 How do we conserve biodiversity (In situ conservation, Ex situ conservation)

Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for BOTANY

Name of Chapter	Focus Area
Reproduction in organisms	1.1. Asexual reproduction 1.2.1. Gametogenesis 1.2.2. Fertilisation.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants	2.2.1 .Structure of microsporangium. Structure of pollengrain 2.2.2. Megasporangium-structure, megasporogcnesis, Female gametophyte 2.2.3. Pollination-Classification based on source of pollen (Autogamy, geitonogamy and xenogamy) and agents of pollination (wind, water and insects -peculiarities with examples) and artificial hybridisation 2.3. Double fertilisation 2.4.2. Embryo- structure 2.4.3. False fruit, True fruit and Parthenocarpic fruit
Strategies for enhancement in food production	9.1.1. Dairy farm management 9.1.3. Bee keeping 9.2. Plant breeding- main steps 9.2.4. Plant breeding for improved food quality 9.3 S.C.P 9.4.Tissue culture
Biotechnology- Principles and processes	11.2. Tools of recombinant DNA technology 11.2.1.Restriction enzymes, Gel electrophoresis. 11.3 . Processes of rDNA technology  11.3.3. Amplification of gene of interest using PCR, 11.3.5.Obtaining the foreign gene product
Biotechnology and its applications	12.1. Biotechnological applications in agriculture-Uses of GMOs and Bt cotton 12.2.1. Genetically engineered insulin. 12.2.2. Gene therapy
Organisms and Populations	13 1.3 . Adaptations -In organisms of deserts, polar regions and high altitudes 13.2.1 Population attributes- Age pyramids and population density 13.2.2. Population growth (Up to population growth equation) 13.2.4. Population interactions – Parasitism, Commensalism and Mutualism
Ecosystem	14.2. Productivity 14.3. Decomposition 14.4. Energy flow -Food chain, Food web and Trophic levels 14.5. Ecological pyramids. 14.7. Nutrient cycling -Phosphorus cycle
Environmental issues	16.2. Water pollution and its control,BOD, Algal bloom and Eutrophication 16.6. Greenhouse effect and global warming 16.7. Ozone depletion in the stratosphere  16.9. Deforestation

Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for HISTORY

Name of the Themes	Focus Area
Bricks, Beads and Bones	Subsistence Strategies – Mohenjodaro – A planned urban centre – Social differences – Craft production – Procuring materials – Seals, script and weights – Decline
Kings, Fanners and Towns	Rise of Magadha – Mauryan empire – New notions of kingship – Towns and trade – Limitations of inscriptional evidences
Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings	Sacrifices and debate – Buddha – Mahavira – Stupas – Mahayana Buddhism.
Through the Eyes of Travellers	Al-Biruni – Ibn Battuta – Francois Bernier
An Imperial Capital – Vijayanagara	Capital and its environs – Royal Centre – Sacred Centre
Rebels and the Raj	Leaders and followers – Rumours and prophecies – Images of the revolt
Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement	Early struggles – Non co-operation – Salt Satyagraha – Quit India
Kerala Towards Modernity	Early resistance – Social reform – Struggle for a Democratic Society

Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for POLITICAL SCIENCE

Name of the Chapters	Focus Area
Challenges of Nation Building	1. Challenges for the new Nation  2. Three Challenges  3. Partition – process and consequences  4. Integration of Princely States 5. Reorganization of States
Era of One-PartyDominance	1. Challenges of Building Democracy 2. Congress Dominance in the first three general elections 3. Nature of Congress Dominance 4. Congress as Social and Ideological coalition 5. Opposition Parties – Socialist Party, Communist Party of India, Swatantra Party, Bharatiya Jana Sangh
India’s External Relations	1. Policy of Non Alignment – Nehru’s Role, Distance from two blocs , Afro Asian Unity  2. Peace and Conflict with China  3. Wars and Peace w with Pakistan 4. India’s Nuclear Policy
The Crisis of Democratic Order	1. Background to Emergency Economic Context Gujarat and Bihar Movements Conflict with Judiciary Declaration of Emergency 2. Consequences of Emergency 3. Controversies regarding emergency – What happened during emergency? 4. Lessons of Emergency 5. Loksabha Elections 1977 – Janata Government
Rise of Popular Movements	1. Chipko Movement 2. Dalit Panthers 3. Bharathia Kisan Union 4. Anti – Arrack Movement 5. Narmada Bachao Aandolan 6. Lessons of Popular Movements
Regional Aspirations	1. Jammu and Kashmir 2. Punjab 3. The North East 4. Dravidian Movement 5. Lessons of Regional Aspirations
End of Bipolarity	1. Soviet System 2. Why did the Soviet System disintegrate? 3. Consequences of disintegration 4. Shock Therapy – Consequences

Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for STATISTICS

1. Meaning of Correlation, 
   Types of Correlation – Positivee, Negative, Zero. Methods of studying Correlation – Scatter diagram, coefficient of correlation. Karl Pearson’s coefficient of correlation, Spearman’s Rank correlation ( non repeated only).
2. Regression Analysis
   Concept of Regression, Regression Lines, Equation of Regression lines. Properties of regression coefficients. Identification of Regression Lines.
3. Elementary Calculus
   First derivative and Second derivative of simple linear functions. Maxima and Minima (problems). Integration of simple functions. Definite integrals
4. Random Variables
   Random Variables- Discrete and Continuous. Discrete Random Variables -Probability mass function (pmf), Cumulative Distribution Function (cdf). Mean. Variance and their properties. Continuous Random Variables – Probability density function (pdf), problems based on properties of pdf.
5. Discrete Probability Distributions 
   Binomial Distribution-pmf. mean and variance, problems
   Poisson Distribution- pmf, mean and variance, problems
6. Normal distribution
   Normal Probability Density function, Mean and variance, Normal curve and its properties, Standard Normal Distribution, Z-transformation and Z-Score, Standard Normal Tables, simple problems based on std Normal tables.
7. Sampling Distributions
   Parameter and Statistic. Sampling Distribution. Determination mean of sample mean (SRSWOR).
8. Estimation of parameters
   Statistical inference, Estimation of Parameters, Point Estimation, Properties of a Good Estimator -Unbiasedness. Consistency, Sufficiency and Efficiency.
9. Testing of Hypothesis
   Statistical Hypothesis. Test statistic and Critical Region .Type I and Type II Errors, Level of Significance and Power of Test, Test for significance of Single Mean ( large sample only).
10. Analysis of Variance
    Causes of variations. Assumptions underlying ANOVA, One way classification by using ANOVA Table.
11. Statistical Quality Control
    Meaning of Quality, Causes of variations. Variable Control Charts (xchart only)
12. Time Series Analysis
    Components of Time series. Trend analysis- Method of semi averages, moving averages.
13. Index Numbers
    Types of Index numbers- Simple Index Number (Simple AM) , Simple Aggregate Method. Weighted Index number ( Laspayre’s, Paasche’s , Fisher’s Index Numbers). Uses of Index Numbers.

Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for ACCOUNTANCY

PART 1- ACCOUNTING

1. Accounting for Not-for-Profit Organisation
   Meaning and Characteristics of Not-for-Profit Organisation 
   Accounting Records of Not-for-Profit Organisations 
   Receipt and Payment Account 
   Income and Expenditure Account
   Distinction between Income and Expenditure A/c and Receipt and Payment A/c 
   Treatment of Subscription in the financial statements of Not for profit organisation
2. Accounting for Partnership – Basic Concepts
   Nature of partnership 
   Partnership deed
   Provisions of Partnership Act Relevant for Accounting 
   Maintenance of Capital Accounts of Partners 
   Distinction between Fixed and Fluctuating Capital Accounts 
   Profit & Loss Appropriation Account
3. Reconstitution of Partnership – Admission of a Partner
   Modes of Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm 
   Admission of a New Partner 
   New profit sharing ratio & Sacrificing ratio 
   Goodwill – Factors Affecting the Value of Goodwill 
   Methods of valuation of goodwill (Average Profit)
   Treatment of goodwill (When the new Partner brings goodwill in cash.)
   Adjustment for Accumulated Profits and Losses
   Revaluation of Assets and Reassessment of Liabilities
   Preparation of Revaluation account. Partners Capital Account & Balance sheet
4. Reconstitution of Partnership -Retirement & Death of a partner 
   New profit sharing ratio & Gaining ratio
   Adjustment for Revaluation of Assets and Liabilities 
   Adjustment of Accumulated Profits and Losses 
   Disposal of Amount Due to Retiring Partner 
   Preparation Partner’s Loan Account
   Death of a partner – Calculation of amount due to the deceased partner
5. Dissolution of Partnership Firm 
   Dissolution of Partnership 
   Dissolution of a Firm
   Distinction between Dissolution of partnership and dissolution of firm
   Preparation of Realisation A/c

PART II COMPANY ACCOUNTS AND ANALYSIS OF
FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. Accounting for share capital
   Features and types of companies
   Share capital and its categories
   Issue of shares – basic journal entries
   Calls in arrears and calls in advance
   Issue of shares at par and at premium
   Over subscription of shares (Excluding pro-rata)
   Forfeiture and Re-issue of shares
2. Issue and redemption of debentures
   Meaning and types of debentures 
   Difference between shares and debentures 
   Issue of debentures for cash
3. Financial statements of a company
   Types of financial statements 
   Balance sheet and P&L account 
   Limitation of financial statements
4. Analysis of Financial statements
   Objectives of Analysis of Financial Statements 
   Tools of Analysis of Financial Statements
   Comparative statements
   Common size statements 
   Limitation of AFS
5. Accounting Ratios
   Meaning, advantages and limitations of ratio analysis 
   Liquidity ratio (Current ratio Liquid ratio)
   Solvency ratio (Debt equity ratio and Proprietary ratio)
   Activity ratio (Inventory turn over and Working capital turn over ratio)
   Profitability ratio (Gross profit Ratio, Net Profit Ratio)
6. Cash flow statements
   Meaning, objectives and benefits of Cash flow statements 
   Classification of activities for Cash flow statements 
   Limitation of Cash flow statements

Part III COMPUTERISED ACCOUNTING

1. Overview of Computerised accounting system
   Features of CAS 
   Components of CAS 
   Grouping of Accounts
   Codification of Accounts 
   Merits and Demerits of CAS.
2. Spread Sheet
   Features of LibreOffice Calc 
   Components of LibreOffice Calc 
   Spread Sheet Operations 
   Cell references
   Functions (Date and Time, Statistical, Logical and Mathematical)
3. Use of spreadsheet in Business Applications
   Payroll Accounting 
   Asset Accounting
4. Graphs and Charts for Business Data
   Column chart, Bar chart, Pie Chart, Doughnut chart 
   Advantages of Graphs and Charts
5. Accounting Software Packge – GNUKhata
   Creation of organisation
   Ledger Creation
   Voucher entry
6. Database Management System
   Components of DBMS 
   Preparation of Table in design view

Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for BUSINESS STUDIES

1. Nature and significance of Management
   Features of management 
   Nature of management 
   Levels of management 
   Co-ordination and elements
2. Principles of management
   Fayol’s management principles 
   Techniques of scientific management
3. Business Environment
   Importance of environment 
   Dimensions of environment 
   Industrial Policy 1991 
   Liberalisation, Privatisation, Globalisation
4. Planning
   Features of planning 
   Steps in planning 
   Types of plans
5. Organising
   Importance of organising 
   Organisational structure and types 
   Formal and Informal organisation 
   Delegation and Decentralisation
6. Staffing
   Steps in Staffing 
   Sources of recruitment 
   Selection Tests 
   Methods of training
7. Directing
   Elements of directing – Supervision, Motivation, Leadership, Communication
   Maslow’s need hierarchy theory
   Leadership – qualities of a good leader
   Communication – process
   Barriers of communication
8. Controlling
   Steps in controlling 
   Control by exception 
   Span of control 
   Techniques of controlling
9. Financial Management
   Finacial decisions 
   Capital structure – Factors 
   Factors determining fixed capital
   Factors determining working capital
10. Capital Market
    Money market – instruments 
    Capital market – instruments
    SEBI – Functions
11. Marketing Management
    Marketing and selling 
    Functions of marketing 
    Marketing mix 
    Pricing – Factors 
    Promotion and advertising 
    Sales promotion
12. Consumer protection
    Rights of consumers 
    Name of Acts for consumers 
    Redressal Forums under CPA

Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for COMPUTER SCIENCE

Chapter	Focus Area
1. Structures and Pointers	Concept of structure and example, Defn of Pointer, Use of & and * operators, Static V/s dynamic memory allocation, new and delete operators
2. Concept of Object Oriented Programming	POP V/s OOP, five concepts of OOP
3. Data Structures and Operations	Classification of data structures. Operations on data structures, Concept of stack, queue (linear only) and linked list. Push and Pop operations with algorithms.
4. Web Technology	Static and Dynamic web pages, Comparison of Client side and Server side scripts, Structure of HTML code, Container tags and empty tags, Common attributes of <BODY> tag, Use of important tags(Headings, <BR>, <P>, <HR>, text formatting tags, <MARQUEE>, <FONT>,<IMG>), Only the essential attributes need to be considered.
5. Web Designing using HTML	List (Ordered, Unordered, Definition), <A> tag Ir4d HREF attribute. Definition of internal and external linking, Table tags, Listing and use of Input controls in Form, Coding questions may focus only on simple lists and simple tables.
6. Client side Scripting using JavaScript	<SCRIPT> tag, Data types, var keyword, Operators, Control structures and Built-in functions
7. Web Hosting	Types of web hosting, FTP client software, Free hosting
8. Database Management System	Advantages of database, Components of DBMS, Types of users, RDBMS terminologies , Relational operations (Select, Project, Union, Intersection)
9. Structured Query Language	SQL components, SQL data types, Constraints, Use of commands (DDL-CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE; DML – SELECT, DELETE, UPDATE with essential clauses only). SQL queries are to be avoided.
10. Server side Scripting using PHP	echo() V/s print, PHP data types, Operators and Control structures
11. Advances in Computing	Serial V/s Parallel computing, Cloud computing and three services, Applications of computational intelligence – listing only
12. ICT and Society	Applications of ICT – Education, Business, Governance. Cyber crimes against individuals.

Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for COMPUTER SCIENCE (Commerce)

Chapter	Focus Area
1. Review of C++ Programming	Tokens, Data types, Control statements. Simple programs may be asked.
2. Arrays	Syntax to declare array, Accessing of elements, String handling, I/O functions to handle strings. No programs required
3. Functions	Built in functions (Name and use only), Call by value and Call by reference method. No programs required
4. Web Technology	Static and Dynamic web pages, Comparison of Client side and Server side scripts, Structure of HTML code, Container tags and empty tags, Common attributes of <BODY> tag, Use of important tags(Headings, <BR>, <P>, <HR>, text formatting tags, <MARQUEE>, <FONT>,<IMG>), Only the essential attributes need to be considered.
5. Web Designing using HTML	List (Ordered, Unordered, Definition), <A> tag and HREF attribute, Definition of internal and external linking, Table tags, Listing and use of Input controls in Form, Coding questions may focus only on simple lists and simple tables.
6. Client side Scripting using JavaScript	<SCRIPT> tag, Data types, var keyword, Operators, Control structures and Built-in functions
7. Web Hosting	Types of web hosting, FTP client software, Free hosting
8. Database Management System	Advantages of database, Components of DBMS, Types of users, RDBMS terminologies , Relational operations (Select, Project, Union, Intersection)
9. Structured Query Language	SQL components, SQL data types. Constraints, Use of commands (DDL-CREATE TABLE, DROP TABLE; DML – SELECT, DELETE, UPDATE with essential clauses only). SQL queries are to be avoided.
10. Enterprise Resource Planning	Functional units of ERP(listing only), Examples for ERP packages, Benefits of ERP.
11. Trends and Issues in ICT	Mobile communication services, Short note on mobile OS, Cyber crimes against individuals.

Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for COMPUTER SCIENCE (Humanities)

Chapter	Focus Area
1.Introduction to Publishing	DTP Software, Elements of design. Principles of design. Electronic publishing(Web based. Digital distribution)
2. Introduction to Word Processors	Features of a word processor, Libre Office Writer IDE Components, Short-cut key$(New, Save, Open, cut, copy, paste, undo, print),Navigation keys, Header and Footer, comparison of cut-paste and copy- paste, Drop Caps, Indents- Types only, Page orientation-Portrait, Landscape
3. Creating Professional Documents	Tables(Creating a table. Borders to tables, Managing tables), Inserting graphics(Adding an image, Using drawing tools, Inserting charts), Inserting page borders. Inserting watermarks, Converting text to table, Splitting text into columns, Mail merge( Definition and Steps only)
4. Web Technology	Static and Dynamic web pages, Comparison of Client side and Server side scripts, Structure of HTML code, Container tags and eC?pty tags, Common attributes of <BODY> tag, Use of important tags(<P>,<BR>,Heading Tags, text formatting tags,<MARQUEE>,<FONT>,<IMG>) covered in this chapter, Only the essential attributes need to be considered.
5. Web Designing using HTML	List (Ordered, Unordered and Definition), <A> tag and HREF attribute, Definition of internal and external linking, ‘fable tags, Coding questions may focus only on simple lists and tables.
6. Cascading Style Sheet	Advantages of using CSS, Ways to add CSS to a web page(names only-Internal style sheet, External style sheet. Inline style)
7. Web Hosting	Types of w eb hosting, FTP client software, Free hosting
8. Database Management System	Advantages of DBMS, Components of DBMS, Users of Database, RDBMS terminologies
9. Structured Query Language	SQL components, SQL data types, Use of commands (DDL- CREATE TABLE, DROP FABLE, DML- INSERT,SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE-with essential clauses only).SQL queries arc to be avoided.
10. Trends and Issues in ICT	Mobile communication services. Mobile Operating systems, Cyber crimes against Individuals

Plus Two Exam 2021- Focus Areas for ECONOMICS

PART 1- INTRODUCTORY MICROECONOMICS

Chapter	Focus Area
Chapter 1 Introduction	1 A SIMPLE ECONOMY 2 CENTRAL PROBLEMS OF AN ECONOMY 1.3 ORGANISATION OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 1.3.1 The Centrally Planned Economy 1.3.2 The Market Economy 1.5 MICROECONOMICS AND MACROECONOMICS
Chapter 2 Theory of consumer Behaviour	2.1 UTILITY 2.1.1 Cardinal Utility Analysis 2.1.2 Ordinal Utility Analysis 2.2 THE CONSUMER’S BUDGET 2.2.1 Budget Set and Budget Line 2.3 OPTIMAL CHOICE OF THE CONSUMER 2.4 DEMAND 2.4.1 Demand Curve and the Law of Demand 2.4.3 Normal and Inferior Goods 2.4.4 Substitutes and Complements
Chapter 3 Production and costs	3.1 PRODUCTION FUNCTION 3.2 THE SHORT RUN AND THE LONG RUN 3.3 TOTAL PRODUCT, AVERAGE PRODUCT AND MARGINAL PRODUCT 3.4 THE LAW OF DIMINISHING MARGINAL PRODUCT AND THE LAW OF VARIABLE PROPORTIONS 3.7 COSTS 3.7.1 Short Run Costs
Chapter 4 The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition	4.1 PERFECT COMPETITION: DEFINING FEATURES 4.2 REVENUE
Chapter 5 Market Equilibrium	5.1 EQUILIBRIUM, EXCESS DEMAND, EXCESS SUPPLY 5.2 APPLICATIONS
Chapter 6 Non-competitive Markets	6.1 SIMPLE MONOPOLY IN THE COMMODITY MARKET

PART II- INTRODUCTORY MACROECONOMICS

Chapter	Topics to be focused
Chapter 1 Introduction	1.1 EMERGENCE OF MACROECONOMICS
Chapter 2 National Income accounting	2.1 SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF MACROECONOMICS 2.2.1 The Product or Value Added Method 2.2.2 Expenditure Method 2.2.3 Income Method 2.2 CIRCULAR FLOW OF INCOME AND METHODS OF CALCULATING NATIONAL INCOME
Chapter 3 Money and banking	3.1 FUNCTIONS OF MONEY 3.2 DEMAND FOR MONEY AND SUPPLY OF MONEY 3.2.1. Demand for Money 3.2.2. Supply of Money
Chapter. 4 Determination of Income and employment	4.1 AGGREGATE DEMAND AND ITS COMPONENTS 4.1.1. Consumption 4.1.2. Investment 4.2 DETERMINATION OF INCOME IN TWO-SECTOR MODEL
Chapter 5 Government Budget and the Economy	5.1 GOVERNMENT BUDGET — MEANING AND ITS COMPONENTS 5.1.1 Objectives of Government Budget 5.1.2 Classification of Receipts 5.1.3. Classification of Expenditure 5.2 BALANCED, SURPLUS AND DEFICIT BUDGET
Chapter 6 Open Economy	6.1 THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 6.1.1 Current Account 6.1.2 Capital Account

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